eriment in representative government, to test the constitutional forms
in common use in the West, and to practise the responsibilities of
citizenship, that stimulates the movement. The unwillingness of the British
Government to gratify this desire explains the hostility to British rule in
India and Egypt.

Japan received a Constitution from the Emperor in 1890, and in 1891 its
Diet was formally opened with great national enthusiasm. It is a
two-chamber Parliament--a Council of nobles, and a popularly elected
assembly--and only in the last few years have the business men given their
attention to it. Although the Cabinet is influenced by Japanese public
opinion, it is not directly responsible to the Diet, but is the Ministry of
the Mikado. The resolution of the Japanese statesmen of forty years ago to
make Japan a world-power made Constitutional Government, in their eyes, a
necessity for the nation.

In Europe, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark all possess democratic
constitutions, and only the removal of sex disabilities in the latter two
is needed to achieve complete adult suffrage. Finland established complete
democracy nine years ago, and, with equal electoral districts, complete
adult suffrage, and the free election of women equally with men to its
Diet, is a model democratic state. But the liberties of Finland are gravely
threatened by the Russian Government, and there is no security for the
Finns that their excellent self-government will be preserved. In Germany,
with universal manhood suffrage, the struggle is to make the Government
responsible to the elected Reichstag.

The British self-governing Colonies show a tendency of democracy to
federate. The Australian Colonies are federated into a Commonwealth, and
their example has been followed by the South African Colonies. New Zealand
and Australia are at one in their franchise, which allows no barrier of
sex; but South Africa still restricts the vote to males. In Australia the
working class are in power, and the Commonwealth Prime Minister is a Labour
representative. There is no willingness to grant political rights to those
who are not of European race, either in South Africa or in Australia; and
the universal republic dreamed of by eighteenth century democrats, a
republic which should know no racial or "colour" bar, is not in the vision
of the modern colonial statesmen of democracy, who are frankly exclusive.
Only in New Zealand does a native race elect its own member