s stronger than they
are under any other type, partly by removing sources of worry, waste
and hesitation, partly by determining the ratio of incentive to
output. The worker under such incentives gains in bodily and mental
poise and security.

CHAPTER IX FOOTNOTES: ==============================================

1. W.P. Gillette, _Cost Analysis Engineering_, p. 3.
2. F.W. Taylor, Paper 647, A.S.M.E., para. 33, para. 59.
3. Hugo Diemer, _Factory Organization and Administration_, p. 5.
4. James M. Dodge, Paper 1115, A.S.M.E., p. 723.
5. F.W. Taylor, _Shop Management_, para. 310-311, Harper Ed.,
pp. 142-143.
6. See also C.U. Carpenter, _Profit Making in Shop and Factory
Management_, pp. 113-115. For an extended and excellent account
of the theory of well-known methods of compensating workmen, see
C.B. Going, _Principles of Industrial Engineering_, chap. VIII.

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CHAPTER X

WELFARE

DEFINITION OF WELFARE.--"Welfare" means "a state or condition of
doing well; prosperous or satisfactory course or relation; exemption
from evil;" in other words, well-being. This is the primary meaning
of the word. But, to-day, it is used so often as an adjective, to
describe work which is being attempted for the good of industrial
workers, that any use of the word welfare has that fringe of meaning
to it.

"WELFARE" HERE INCLUDES TWO MEANINGS.--In the discussion of
welfare in this chapter, both meanings of the word will be included.
"Welfare" under each form of management will be discussed, first, as
meaning the outcome to the men of the type of management itself; and
second, as discussing the sort of welfare work which is used under
that form of management.

DISCUSSION OF FIRST ANSWERS. THREE QUESTIONS.--A discussion of
welfare as the result of work divides itself naturally into three
parts, or three questions:

What is the effect upon the physical life?
What is the effect upon the mental life?
What is the effect upon the moral life?

UNDER TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT NO PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENT.--The
indefiniteness of Traditional Management manifests itself again in
this discussion, it being almost impossible to make any general
statement which could not be controverted by particular examples;
but it is safe to say that in general, under Traditional