ience all
the elements of the judgment.

NEEDS FOR TEACHING UNDER SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.--The needs for
this teaching have been stated, but may be recapitulated here.

1. Worker may not observe his own mistakes.
2. Worker has no opportunity under the old industrial
conditions to standardize his own methods.
3. Worker must know standard practice.
4. Waste can be eliminated by the teaching.
5. Right habits can be instilled.

SOURCES OF TEACHING UNDER SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.--The sources of
teaching under Scientific Management are

1. Friends or Relatives }
2. Fellow workers } If the worker chooses
3. Literature of the Trade } to use them.
4. Night schools and study }
5. The Management. }

METHODS OF TEACHING UNDER SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.--The Methods of
Teaching under Scientific Management are

1. Written, by means of

(a) Instruction Cards telling _what_ is to be done
and _how._
(b) Systems, explaining the _why._
(c) Drawings, charts, plans, photographs, illustrating
methods.
(d) Records made by the worker himself.

2. Oral, the teaching of the Functional Foremen.

3. Object-lessons:

(a) Exhibits.
(b) Working models.
(c) Demonstrations by the Teacher.
(d) Demonstrations by the worker under Supervision.

WORKER A SOURCE OF THESE METHODS.--It should be often stated
that, ultimately, the elements of all methods are derived from a
study of workers, and that the worker should be enabled to realize
this. Only when he feels that he is a part of what is taught, and
that the teachers are a _means_ of presenting to him the underlying
principles of his own experience, will the worker be able to
cooeperate with all his energy.

INSTRUCTION CARDS ARE DIRECTIONS.--Instruction Cards are direct
instructions for each piece of work, giving, in most concise form,
closely defined description of standard practice and directions as
to how each element of the standardized task is to be performed. The
makers know that they must make their directions clear ultimately,
therefore they strive constantly for clearness.

INSTRUCTION CARDS TEACH DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY.--These
Instruction Cards not only teach the worker directly best to do his
work, but also teach him indirectly how to become a leader,
demonstrator, teacher and functional foreman.