to remain in a state of preservation.

"So fresh is the ivory throughout Northern Russia," says Lyell,
_Principles, vol. 1, p. 183_, "that, according to Tilesius, thousands of
fossil tusks have been collected and used in turning."

Mr. Dawkins says: "We are compelled to hold that the cave-lion which
preyed upon the mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros and musk-sheep in Great
Britain, is a mere geographical variety of the great carnivore that is
found alike in the tropical parts of Asia and throughout the whole of
Africa." Popular Science Review for 1869, p. 153. It has been customary to
speak of all these animals as "_the great extinct_ mammalia," and to
regard them all as much larger than existing animals of the same kind, but
three of the most important still exist, and the cave-lions, at least some
of the specimens, were smaller than the lion of the present. According to
Sir John Lubbock the "Irish elk, the elephants and the three species of
rhinoceros are, perhaps, the only ones which are absolutely extinct."
Prehistoric Times, p. 290. "Out of seventeen principal 'palaeolithic'
mammalia, ten, until recently, were regarded 'extinct;' but it is now
believed that the above-mentioned elk, elephants and rhinoceros are the
only extinct mammalia. Dr. Wilson affirms that skeletons of the Irish elk
have been found at Curragh, Ireland, in marshes, some of the bones of
which were in such fresh condition that the marrow is described as having
the appearance of fresh suet, and burning with a clear flame."

Professor Agassiz admits the continuance of the Irish elk to the
fourteenth century to be "probable." It is certain that this elk continued
in Ireland down to what is claimed as the age of iron, and possibly in
Germany down to the twelfth century. It is also certain that it was a
companion of the mammoth and of the woolly rhinoceros. The aurochs, or
European bison, whose remains are found in the river gravel and the older
bone caves, is mentioned by Pliny and Seneca. They speak of it as existing
in their time; it is also named in the Niebelungen Lied. It existed in
Prussia as late as 1775, and is still found wild in the Caucasus. The
present Emperor of Russia has twelve herds, which are protected in the
forests of Lithuania. During the session of the International
Archaeological Congress at Stockholm, in 1874, the members of the body made
an excursion to the isle of Bjorko, in Lake Malar, near Stockholm, where
there is an ancient