l-intentioned, this Calvert lacked something of the ability of either
his father or his grandfather. Though he lived in Maryland while his
father had lived in England, his government was not as wise as his
father's had been.

But in Maryland, even before the death of Cecil Calvert, inherent evils
were beginning to form of themselves a visible body. In Maryland, as in
Virginia, there set in after the Restoration a period of reaction,
of callous rule in the interests of an oligarchy. In 1669 a "packed"
Council and an "aristocratic" Assembly procured a restriction of the
franchise similar to that introduced into Virginia. As in Virginia,
an Assembly deemed of the right political hue was kept in being by the
device of adjournment from year to year. In Maryland, as in Virginia,
public officials were guilty of corruption and graft. In 1676 there
seems to have lacked for revolt, in Maryland, only the immediate
provocative of acute Indian troubles and such leaders as Bacon,
Lawrence, and Drummond. The new Lord Baltimore being for the time in
England, his deputy writes him that never were any "more replete with
malignancy and frenzy than our people were about August last, and they
wanted but a monstrous head to their monstrous body." Two leaders indeed
appeared, Davis and Pate by name, but having neither the standing nor
the strength of the Virginia rebels, they were finally taken and
hanged. What supporters they had dispersed, and the specter of armed
insurrection passed away.

The third Lord Baltimore, like his father, found difficulty in
preserving the integrity of his domain. His father had been involved in
a long wrangle over the alleged invasion of Maryland by the Dutch. Since
then, New Netherland had passed into English hands. Now there occurred
another encroachment on the territory of Maryland. This time the invader
was an Englishman named William Penn. Just as the idea of a New World
freedom for Catholics had appealed to the first Lord Baltimore, so now
to William Penn, the Quaker, came the thought of freedom there for
the Society of Friends. The second Charles owed an old debt to Penn's
father. He paid it in 1681 by giving to the son, whom he liked, a
province in America. Little by little, in order to gain for Penn access
to the sea, the terms of his grant were widened until it included,
beside the huge Pennsylvanian region, the tract that is now Delaware,
which was then claimed by Baltimore. Maryland protested agains