gion called Albemarle, just back of Virginia, there arose and
went on, through the remainder of the seventeenth century and in the
eighteenth, struggles with the Lords Proprietaries and the Governors
that these named, and behind this a more covert struggle with the Crown.
The details differed, but the issues involved were much the same in
North and South Carolina. The struggle lasted for the threescore and
odd years of the proprietary government and renewed itself upon occasion
after 1729 when the Carolinas became royal colonies. Later, it was
swept, a strong affluent, into the great general stream of colonial
revolt, culminating in the Revolution.

Into North Carolina, beside the border population entering through
Virginia and containing much of a backwoods and derelict nature, came
many Huguenots, the best of folk, and industrious Swiss, and Germans
from the Rhine. Then the Scotch began to come in numbers, and families
of Scotch descent from the north of Ireland. The tone of society
consequently changed from that of the early days. The ruffian and the
shiftless sank to the bottom. There grew up in North Carolina a
people, agricultural but without great plantations, hardworking and
freedom-loving.

South Carolina, on the other hand, had great plantations, a town
society, suave and polished, a learned clergy, an aristocratic cast to
life. For long, both North and South clung to the sea-line and to the
lower stretches of rivers where the ships could come in. Only by degrees
did English colonial life push back into the forests away from the sea,
to the hills, and finally across the mountains.

CHAPTER XV. ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD

In the spring of 1689, Virginians flocked to Jamestown to hear William
and Mary proclaimed Lord and Lady of Virginia. The next year there
entered, as Lieutenant-Governor, Francis Nicholson, an odd character
in whom an immediate violence of temper went with a statesmanlike
conception of things to be. Two years he governed here, then was
transferred to Maryland, and then in seven years came back to the James.
He had not been liked there, but while he was gone Virginia had endured
in his stead Sir Edmund Andros. That had been swapping the witch for the
devil. Virginia in 1698 seems to have welcomed the returning Nicholson.

Jamestown had been hastily rebuilt, after Bacon's burning, and then by
accident burned again. The word malaria was not in use, but all knew
that there had always been sickne