he American institution
of tribal names and totems.

The circumstance that, in remotest times, the king of Rome, the
acknowledged metropolis or mother city, was accompanied, on public
occasions, by _twelve_ lictors or administrators of justice, each carrying
the axe tied in a bundle of rods, shows that, at one time, the government
was administered by thirteen individuals--a method we shall find again in
ancient Ireland and Scandinavia. The history of Rome reveals that the
different variants of governmental scheme adopted, one after the other,
under influences emanating from Greece and Egypt, were reared upon the
familiar universal plan. The most striking instance of this is, however,
furnished by the details preserved of the groundwork on which Constantine
founded (A.D. 330) the city he intended to be the capital of a universal
empire, and named the New or Second Rome.

Historians relate that the peninsula of Byzantium offered striking
resemblances to the sites of Carthage and Rome. The design of Constantine
embraced the entire peninsula with the seven hills upon it. "On foot, with
a lance in his hand, professing to be under the guidance of divine
inspiration, the emperor directed the line which was traced as the
boundary of the destined capital." ... "In imitation of Rome at that
period, the city was divided into 2x7=fourteen wards (regiones).... Its
centre was marked by a column ... surmounted by a bronze colossus of
Apollo. The church of S. Sophia, built on the site of an ancient temple of
Wisdom, was subsequently dedicated to 'the Holy Eternal Wisdom' by
Justinian. In the court called the Forum Augusteum, one side of which was
formed by the palace and the other by the church, stood the Milliarium
Aureum, not, as at Rome, a gilt marble pillar, but a spacious edifice, the
centre from which all the roads of the empire were measured and on the
walls of which the distances to all the chief places were inscribed.... In
the new reunited empire quadruple division was maintained, _the __ empire
being divided into four parts_, each forming a praetorian prefecture under
a praetorian prefect, who, being the lieutenant of the emperor, ruled over
the governors and people of the province with absolute power. The four
prefectures were subdivided into thirteen dioceses, each governed by a
vice-prefect named vicarius, the total number of dioceses being
fifty-two."

This system of numeration is of particular interest as it is not on