carried out in Peru at a widely sundered period (see p. 141).

Ten households formed a gens (clan or family); ten clans or one hundred
households formed a curia or wardship; and ten wardships, or one hundred
clans, or one thousand households formed a populus, civitas or community.
As it is stated that, at one time, Rome consisted of four cities, it is
obvious that the above numbers, quadrupled, constituted the state which
thus included forty wardships, four hundred gentes and four thousand
households. As each gens possessed a chieftain, endowed with paternal
authority over its members, there must, at one time, have been four
hundred of these "patricians," whose number is thus found to correspond to
the Greek "Council of 400" and curiously enough to the "four hundred
Tochtli" or governors of the ancient Mexican commonwealth.

A noteworthy feature of the attempt to institute the Decemvirate in Rome
(5th century B.C.) was the arrangement that the ten chosen men exercised
office in prescribed rotation for one day, each ruling, in consequence,
for thirty-six days in the year which, like the Egyptian, then consisted
of three hundred and sixty days and of an epact of five days. The
assignment of a day to each chieftain finds its parallel not only in
Assyria but also in ancient America (see p. 181).

In connection with the Roman communal organization, attention is drawn to
what appears to be a remarkable survival of an extremely ancient and
natural mode of distinguishing the wardships. It is well known that,
according to tradition, the republic of Siena, Italy, was founded at a
remote period "by the sons of Remus, the twin brother of Romulus." The
following facts prove that, to this day, certain features of its social
organization exhibit an affinity to that of primitive Rome. "Siena, from
the earliest day, has been divided into contrade or parishes. Each
contrada has its special church, generally of great antiquity, and each
contrada is named after some animal, or natural object, these names being
symbolical of certain trades or customs. There are now the wolf, giraffe,
owl, snail, tower, wave, goose, tortoise, etc., in all seventeen. Each has
its colors, heralds, pages, music, flags; all the mediaeval paraphernalia
of republican subdivision" (Frances Eliot, Diary of an idle woman in Italy
I, p. 19).

The employment of the names of animals and natural objects as distinctive
marks for a wardship offers a curious analogy to t