n groups so as to fall in with the life of the city as well as the
farm. What was the result of all this ingenuity, or whether it had any
popular result at all, is a question hardly admitting of solution. What
is really interesting in the matter, if my view is the right one, is the
curious way in which the early Roman seems to have looked upon all life
and force and action, human or other, as in some sense associated with,
and the result of, divine or spiritual agency.

NOTES TO LECTURE VII

[291] For _loca sacra_ and _consecratio_ see Marquardt,
p. 148 foll.; Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 400.

[292] Serv. _ad Aen._ xii. 119, "Romani moris fuerat
cespitem arae super imponere, et ita sacrificare." Cp.
some valuable remarks of Henzen, _Acta Fratr. Arv._ p.
23. The altar of the Fratres was in front of their
grove; they used also a movable one (_foculus_) of
silver, but _cespiti ornatus_ (_ib._ p. 21): this was
for the preliminary offering of wine and incense
(Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 351).

[293] In Aug. _Civ. Dei_, iv. 31; Agahd's edition of the
fragments of Varro's _Ant. rer. div._ p. 164.

[294] Aug. _Civ. Dei_, iv. 23; Agahd, p. 159. See
Wissowa, _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, p. 280 foll.

[295] Strabo iv. 180.

[296] _Fasti_, vi. 305.

[297] Tibull. ii. 5. 27. The lines of Propertius are iv.
(v.) 2. 59, "Stipes acernus eram, properanti falce
dolatus, Ante Numam grata pauper in urbe deus." The
question is whether these are genuine examples of the
natural evolution of a "stock or stone" into something
in the nature of an anthropomorphic image of a deity, or
whether they are the result of the introduction of Greek
statues acting on the popular mind in rustic parts of
Italy. The passages, so far as I know, stand alone, and
we have no means of deciding whether the anthropomorphic
tendency was native or foreign. Vortumnus was, however,
undoubtedly of Etruscan origin; Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 233.
The subject of iconic development of this kind is well
summarised in E. Gardner's little volume on _Religion
and Art in Ancient Greece_, ch. i.

[298] See Sayce, _Gifford Lectures on the Religions of
Egypt and Babylonia_, p. 302. An interesting paper on
the evolution of _dei_ at Rome out of functional
_numina_ will be found in von Domaszewski's
_Abhandlungen zur roem. Religion_, p. 155 foll., b