o lumber it expeditiously.

[Illustration: Fig. 1. Making a Valuation Survey.]

[Illustration: Fig. 2. "Blazes" on Trees.]

Preliminary to the actual logging are certain necessary steps. First
of all is _landlooking_. This includes the survey of the forest land
for the purpose of locating good timber. Fig. 1. Most of the woodland
has previously been roughly surveyed by the government and maps made
indicating which parts are private land and which are still held
by the government. The boundaries of townships, sections, quarter
sections, eighties, forties, etc., are indicated by "blazes" on trees,
Fig. 2, so that the "cruiser" or "looker" as he goes thru the woods
can identify them with those on his oil paper map. The cruiser also
studies the kinds and character of the trees, the contour of the
ground, the proximity to streams,--all with the view to marketing the
product. Acting on the information thus gained by the cruiser, the
lumberman purchases his sections at the proper land office, or if
he is less scrupulous, buys only enough to serve as a basis for
operations. Enormous fortunes have been made by timber thieves, now
respectable members of the community. As a further preliminary step to
lumbering itself, the _tote road_ and _camp_ are built. The tote road
is a rough road on which supplies for crew and cattle can be taken to
camp from civilization.

It is barely passable for a team and a wagon, but it serves
its purpose, and over it come more men and horses. Lumber for
the floors and roofs of the shanties and for the rude pieces
of furniture that will be needed, tarred paper to make the
roofs tight, a few glazed window sashes, a huge range and a
number of box stoves, dishes and kitchen utensils, a little
stock of goods for the van, blankets by the dozen and score,
and countless boxes and barrels and bags of provisions.[1]

[Footnote 1: Hulbert: The Lumber Jack; Outlook, 76: 801, April
2, '04.]

The _camp_ itself, Fig. 3, is built of logs, roofed with plank,
covered with heavy tar paper, and dimly lighted. There are usually
five buildings,--the men's camp, the cook camp, the office, the barn,
and the blacksmith's shop. Many camps accommodate from eighty to one
hundred men. The men's camp is filled with bunks and is heated by a
stove and in general roughly furnished. Cooking and eating are done in
the cook camp, where the cook and his assistant, the "cookee," sleep.
The o