White, _Blazed Trail_, pp. 5-15, 25, 38-39, 52-53, 63-65, 72-85, 91-99,
113-125, 134, 181-196, 216-229, 257, 268, 320-343, 355, 365 ff.
_For. Bull._, No. 34, pp. 33-41, Fox.
White, _Jun. Mun._, 10: 362.
Hulbert, _Outl._, 76; 801.
_Wood Craft_, 4: 55.
Smith, K., _World's Work_, 7: 4435.

Mechanical Methods.
_World's Work_, 7: 4435.
_Outl._, 76: 812.
Bruncken, p. 86.
Bruncken, pp. 76-87.
Munn, _Cosmop._, 37: 441.
Roth, _First Book_, pp. 133-174.
Hovey-King, _Rev. of Rev._, 27: 317.
Jones, _Cosmop._, 15: 63.
Price, _World's Work_, 5: 3207.
_For. Bull._, No. 61.
_Cassier_, 29: 443, April, '06.
_Cosmop._, 37: 445.
_Rev. of Rev._, 28: 319.

[Footnote *: For general bibliography see page 4.]

CHAPTER II.

SAWMILLING.

The principal saws in a mill are of three kinds, the circular, Fig.
32, the gang, Fig. 33, and the band, Fig. 34. The circular-saw, tho
very rapid, is the most wasteful because of the wide kerf, and of
course the larger the saw the thicker it is and the wider the kerf.
The waste in sawdust is about one-fifth of the log. In order to lessen
this amount two smaller saws, one hung directly above the other, have
been used. One saws the lower half of the log and the other the upper
half. In this way, it is possible to cut very large logs with the
circular-saw and with less waste. The circular-saw is not a perfectly
flat disc, but when at rest is slightly convex on one side and concave
on the other. This fullness can be pushed back and forth as can the
bottom of an oil-can. When moving at a high rate of speed, however,
the saw flattens itself by centrifugal force. This enables it to cut
straight with great accuracy.

[Illustration: Fig. 32. Double Circular-Saw and Carriage.]

A gang-saw is simply a series of straight saw-blades set in a vertical
frame. This has a reciprocating motion, enabling it to cut a log into
a number of boards at one time. It has this drawback, that it must
cut the size of lumber for which it is set; that is, the sawyer has
no choice in cutting the thickness, but it is very economical, wasting
only one-eighth of the log in sawdust. A special form is the flooring
gang. It consists of a number of saws placed one inch apart. Thick
planks are run thru it to saw up flooring.

[Illustration: Fig. 33. Gang-Saw.]

[Illustration: Fig. 34. Band-Saw.]

The band-saw is fast displacing the ot