word "negro" define his relation as a citizen. The white
man should understand that the negro is making progress;
that he is getting property and education; that his wants are
increasing in common with the white man's wants and that he is
not going to be bottled up or hemmed up in any community, so
long as there is another community on the face of the earth
where he can breathe freely and enjoy the pursuits of life,
liberty and happiness in common with other men.

_The Christian Index_[173] the official organ of the Colored Methodist
Episcopal Church, published at Jackson, Tennessee, was of the opinion
that:

There are two sets of causes for the negro leaving the South
at this time. One set may be known as the surface causes and
the other set beneath-the-surface causes. The surface causes
are easily seen and understood. These are economic causes. The
war in Europe has called home foreigners out of the industrial
centers of the North and West. These large factories and other
industrial enterprises, representing enormous investments,
had to turn in some other direction for labor. These large
industrial opportunities with higher wages made strong appeals
to the southern negro.

The beneath-the-surface causes are to be found in the
handicaps under which the negro labors in the South and
the uncivilized treatment to which he is subjected. He is
segregated. To this he most strenuously objects. There is a
difference between segregation and separation, especially so
in the southern interpretation of segregation as observed
in the practice of the South in its enforcement of the idea.
Separation in matters social and religious is not necessarily
objectionable. Left alone each race group instinctively seeks
separation from other race groups. But segregation, as we
have it, means more than separation; it means inferiority and
humiliation. It means not only another section of the city for
the negro, but a section that is inferior in improvement
and protection; it means not only a different school, but an
inferior school both in building and equipment; it means not
only separate accommodations on the railroads, but deplorably
inferior accommodations; this, too, in the face of the fact
that the negro pays the same price that is paid by others.

Another cause is the code of laws, or rathe