ely to insure the success of such
operations. The ancients deemed the passage of the Granicus--which is a
small stream--a wonderful exploit. So far as this point is concerned,
the people of modern days can cite much greater.

The passage of the Rhine at Tholhuys by Louis XIV. has been greatly
lauded; and it was really remarkable. In our own time, General Dedon has
made famous the two passages of the Rhine at Kehl and of the Danube at
Hochstadt in 1800. His work is a model as far as concerns the details;
and in these operations minute attention to details is every thing. More
recently, three other passages of the Danube, and the ever-famous
passage of the Beresina, have exceeded every thing of the kind
previously seen. The two first were executed by Napoleon at Essling and
at Wagram, in presence of an army of one hundred and twenty thousand men
provided with four hundred pieces of cannon, and at a point where the
bed of the stream is broadest. General Pelet's interesting account of
them should be carefully read. The third was executed by the Russian
army at Satounovo in 1828, which, although not to be compared with the
two just mentioned, was very remarkable on account of the great local
difficulties and the vigorous exertions made to surmount them. The
passage of the Beresina was truly wonderful. My object not being to give
historical details on this subject, I direct my readers to the special
narratives of these events. I will give several general rules to be
observed.

1. It is essential to deceive the enemy as to the point of
passage, that he may not accumulate an opposing force there. In
addition to the strategic demonstrations, false attacks must be
made near the real one, to divide the attention and means of the
enemy. For this purpose half of the artillery should be employed to
make a great deal of noise at the points where the passage is not
to be made, whilst perfect silence should be preserved where the
real attempt is to be made.

2. The construction of the bridge should be covered as much as
possible by troops sent over in boats for the purpose of dislodging
the enemy who might interfere with the progress of the work; and
these troops should take possession at once of any villages, woods,
or other obstacles in the vicinity.

3. It is of importance also to arrange large batteries of heavy
caliber, not only to sweep the opposite ban