, War Labor Board was not an office
wielding power, but a purely advisory body, such as Presidents have
frequently created in the past without the aid or consent of Congress.
Congress itself, nevertheless, both in its appropriation acts and in
other legislation, treated the Presidential agencies as in all respects
offices.[63]

THE WEST COAST JAPANESE

On February 19, 1942 the President issued an executive order the
essential paragraphs of which read as follows:

"Whereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible
protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense
material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities
* * *

"Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as
President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and
Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the
Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he
or any designated Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to
prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the
appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all
persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any
person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever
restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander
may impose in his discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized
to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom,
such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be
necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military
Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the
purpose of this order. * * *

"I hereby further authorize and direct all Executive Departments,
independent establishments and other Federal Agencies, to assist the
Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out this
Executive Order, including the furnishing of medical aid,
hospitalization, food, clothing, transportation, use of land, shelter,
and other supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities and services."[64]
In pursuance of this order more than 112,000 Japanese residents of
Western States, of whom nearly two out of every three were natural-born
citizens of the United States, were eventually removed from their farms
and homes and herded, first in temporary camps, later in ten so-called
"relocati