ring periods
of famine.[1024] In far-away Tierra del Fuego, where a peculiarly harsh
climate and the low cultural status of the natives combine to produce a
frightful infant mortality and therefore to repress population,
cannibalism within the clan is indulged in only at the imperious dictate
of mid-winter hunger. The same thing is true in the nearby Chonos
Archipelago.[1025]

These are the darker effects of an island habitat, the vices of its
virtues. That same excessive pressure of population which gives rise to
infanticide also stimulates agriculture, industry and trade; it develops
ingenuity in making the most of local resources, and finally leads to
that widespread emigration and colonization which has made islanders the
great distributors of culture, from Easter Isle to Java and from ancient
Crete to modern England.

NOTES TO CHAPTER XIII

[803] Table of areas of peninsulas and islands, Justus Perthes, _Taschen
Atlas_, p. 9. Gotha, 1905.

[804] H.J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas, pp. 105-108. London,
1904.

[805] W. Deecke, Italy, p. 45. London, 1904.

[806] Journey of William de Rubruquis, pp. 187, 204, Hakluyt Society
Publication, London, 1903.

[807] Archibald Little, The Far East, pp. 35, 45. Oxford, 1905.

[808] Strabo, Book X, chap. II, 19.

[809] Ratzel, _Die Erde und das Leben_, Vol. I. pp. 312-313. Leipzig,
1901.

[810] Charles H. Hawes, In the Uttermost East, p. 103. New York, 1904.

[811] W.E. Griffis, The Mikado's Empire, Vol. I, pp. 26-27. New York,
1904.

[812] Darwin, Origin of Species, Vol. II, chap. XIII, p, 178. New York,
1895.

[813] A.R. Wallace, Geographical Distribution of Animals, Vol. II, p.
61. London, 1876.

[814] Darwin, Origin of Species, Vol. II, chap. XIII, p. 183. New York,
1895.

[815] _Ibid._, Vol. II, chap. XIII, pp. 178-180.

[816] A.R. Wallace, Island Life, pp. 331-332, 338-389, 393, 402,
409-410, 449, 456-463. New York, 1893.

[817] _Ibid._, 342, 370-371.

[818] Emerson, English Traits, chap. VI.

[819] Capt. F. Brinkley, Japan, Vol. I, p. 50. Boston and Tokyo, 1901.

[820] W.E. Griffis, The Mikado's Empire, Vol. I, p. 198. New York, 1904.

[821] Arthur M. Knapp, Feudal and Modern Japan, Vol. I, pp. 211, 220,
221. New York, 1900.

[822] Emerson, English Traits, chap. III.

[823] Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries in Crete, pp. 134-136, 141,
162, 177. New York, 1907.

[824] _Ibid._, chapters IV and V.

[825] _Ibid._, p. 179. Angelo