. Hogarth, The Nearer East, pp. 197-198. London, 1902.

[1162] J.K. Mumford, Oriental Rugs, p. 61. New York, 1895.

[1163] J. Ferguson, History of Architecture, Vol. II, pp. 277-278, 499,
500. New York. J. Ferguson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture,
Vol. II, pp. 210-214. New York, 1891.

[1164] Wilhelm Bode, _Vorderasiatische Knuepfteppiche_, pp. 3-4. Leipzig.

[1165] Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. V, p. 78. New
York, 1858.

[1166] Sir S.W. Baker, Exploration of the Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,
pp. 148-152. Hartford, 1868.

[1167] Strabo, Book VII, chap. III, 7, 17; chap. IV, 6. Book XI, chap.
II, 1, 2, 3.

[1168] J. Wappaeus, _Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik des chemaligen
spanischen Mittel- und Sud-Amerika_, p. 1019. Leipzig, 1863-1870.

[1169] Sir F. Younghusband, The Heart of a Continent, pp. 72, 74.
London, 1904. Alfred Kirchoff, Man and Earth, pp. 58-71. London.

[1170] J.L. Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, Vol. I, pp.
374-377. London, 1831. L. March Phillipps, In the Desert, pp. 98-100.
London, 1905.

[1171] Exodus, Chap. XXII, 1-4, 23.

[1172] John de Plano Carpini, Journey to the Northeast in 1246, pp. 110,
111, 113. Hakluyt Society, London, 1904.

[1173] Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. V, p. 89. New
York, 1858. H. Barth, Travels in North and Central Africa, Vol. I, p.
144. New York, 1857.

[1174] E. Huntington, The Pulse of Asia, pp. 121-123. Boston, 1907.

[1175] James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, p. 422. New York, 1897.

[1176] Deuteronomy, VII, 1-3.

[1177] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, p. 184. London, 1896-1898.

[1178] Boyd Alexander, From the Niger to the Nile, Vol. I, pp. 190-197.
London, 1907.

[1179] H. Barth, Travels in North and Central Africa, Vol. I, pp. 202,
277-281. New York, 1857.

[1180] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, p. 173. London, 1896-1898.

[1181] _Ibid._, Vol. III, Chapter on Islam, pp. 195-204.

[1182] George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, pp.
28-30. New York, 1897. L. March Phillipps, In the Desert, pp. 101-105.
London, 1905.

[1183] E.A. Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, pp. 114-116.
London, 1882.

[1184] George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, pp.
88-90. New York, 1897.

[1185] Jeremiah, Chap. XXXV, 6-14.

CHAPTER XV

MOUNTAIN BARRIERS AND THEIR PASSES

[Sidenote: Man as part of the mobile envelope of the