question is a universal or general accompaniment of clan
alliance, and whether it is peculiar to the latter or is found in other
systems also.

+443+. (a) _Exogamy._ It is pointed out above[790] that totemism and
exogamy are mutually independent arrangements, differing in function and
origin, each being found without the other. Yet in many cases, perhaps
in the majority of cases, the two are found combined. Exogamy supposes a
body of clans, and, given a group of totemic clans, it would naturally
be attached to these, and so become an organic part of their social
constitution. Where there is no totemism the question of union, of
course, does not come up. Where totemism is not accompanied by exogamy
it is sometimes probable that the union of the two once existed,[791] or
that exogamy is excluded by the peculiar form of the totemism.[792]
Exogamy may thus be regarded as a natural and frequent accompaniment of
totemism, but it is not a universal and necessary element of the totemic
constitution.

+444+. (b) _Names._ As a general rule the totemic clan bears the name of
its totem. The exceptions appear to be found in somewhat advanced
communities, as the Fijians and the Kwakiutl (but not the northern
branch of this tribe).[793] There are also many larger exogamous groups
(as, for example, in Australia) the meaning of whose names is
obscure--they may or may not contain the name of the totem; but such
groups may have a different origin from that of the totemic clans.

+445+. In some cases clans and tribes have distinctive _crests_ or
_badges_, generally totemic figures or parts of such figures. These are
carved on beams of houses and on house poles, or cut or drawn on men's
persons, and are used as signs manual, serving thus to indicate to
strangers a man's clan connections. Such emblems are employed in the
Torres Straits islands and British New Guinea,[794] in the Aru Islands
(southwest of New Guinea), and in North America among the Lenape
(Delawares), the Pueblo tribes, the Tlingit, the Haidas, and the
Kwakiutl.[795]

+446+. In America the crest is not always identical in name with the
totem, and sometimes coalesces with the guardian animal-spirit. The
myths that give the origin of the crest usually describe some adventure
(marriage or other) of a man with the crest animal, involving sometimes,
but not always, the origin of the clan.[796] The relation between totem
and crest thus differs in different places, and its orig