in is not clear.
The simplest form of this relation (that found in the New Guinea region)
may indicate that the totem animal, being most intimately connected with
the clan, is chosen on that account as its badge. Or possibly totem and
crest have arisen, independently of each other, from some early
affiliation with animals, and therefore do not always coincide. Such a
mode of origination would help to explain the fact that in Northwestern
America a clan may have several crests, and a man also may acquire more
than one. The relation of crest to clan is looser than that of totem to
clan--the same crest or crests are found in different clans. When the
totemic constitution of the tribe or clan is weakened, the crest may
become more important than the totem, as is the case among the Haidas.
But the adoption of the crest name does not invalidate the general rule
that the clan bears the name of its totem.

+447+. Names of families and of persons do not come into consideration
here. They arise from various local and personal peculiarities that, as
a rule, have nothing to do with totemism, and they become more prominent
and important as the latter declines.

+448+. The origin of clan totemic names is closely connected with the
origin of the totemic organization, and will be more conveniently
considered in connection with this point.[797]

+449+. (c) _Descent from the totem._ Details so far reported as to this
belief are regrettably few and often indefinite, and it is not possible
to give more than a provisional sketch of it.[798] In Central Australia
it is held that all the members of a clan come into being as spirit
children, who are the creation of mythical half-human, half-animal
beings of the olden time; the clan bears the name of the mythical
ancestor (its totem), and its members regard themselves as identical in
blood and nature with the totem.[799] Similar beliefs are reported as
existing in New South Wales and West Australia, and a definite
conception of descent from the totem has been found in the Santa Cruz
group in Southern Melanesia, in Fiji in Eastern Melanesia, and
apparently in Tonga and Tikopia.[800] In North America the belief is
reported as existing among the Lenape (Delawares) and other Eastern
tribes.[801] In South America it appears among the Arawaks of
Guiana,[802] and perhaps elsewhere. For Africa there is little
information on this point, and what we have is not always definite;[803]
one of the clearest