ill the clan eponymous animals, though
unwillingly, and appear not to regard them as ancestors. The non-Aryan
tribes of India have been so long in contact with Aryan civilization
that in many cases, as it seems, their original customs have been
obscured, but at present among such agricultural tribes as the Hos, the
Santhals, and the Khonds of Bengal, and some others, totemic
organizations are not prominent, and the Todas, with their buffalo-cult,
show no signs of totemism.

+526+. In North America the variety of climatic and other economic
conditions might lead us to expect clear testimony as to the relation
between these conditions and totemic development; but the value of such
testimony is impaired by the absence of information concerning early
forms of organization. In the period for which there are details it
appears that in the Eastern groups (Iroquois, Algonkin, Creek, Natchez,
Siouan, Pueblo) the effective role of totemism is in inverse proportion
to the development of agriculture and to stable civil organization:
there are clans bearing the names of animals and other objects, with
mythical stories of descent from such objects, and rules of exogamy, but
the civil, political, and religious life is largely independent of these
conditions; there are great confederations of tribes with well-devised
systems of government that look to the well-being of the whole
community, the clan-division being of small importance. The mode of life
appears to be determined or greatly influenced by climate, though
different climatic situations sometimes lead to similar results:
agriculture naturally arises from fertility of soil, but the Pueblo
tribes have been driven (perhaps under civilized influences), by the
aridness of their land, to till the soil. Throughout the East the known
facts suggest that a nontotemic organization has followed an earlier
form in which quasi-totemic elements are recognizable.

+527+. The interesting social organization of the Northern Pacific
Coast, on the other hand, appears to be independent of agriculture. The
people live by hunting and fishing; families and villages are the
important social units; instead of totems there are crests or badges;
society in some tribes is marked by a division into classes differing
in social rank. The history of all these tribes, however, is obscure:
there have been modifications of organization through the influence of
some tribes on others; the details of the various so