ordance with general laws of social development.
In many cases a rule of exogamy, for the better regulation of marriage,
would be adopted. When tribes, consisting each of several clans, came
into existence, a cooeperative economic system would sometimes arise:
magical methods of producing results, common in early stages of life,
would be so organized that to every clan would be assigned the duty of
producing a supply of some sort of food. Following the general tendency
to genealogical construction, the belief in kinship with the sacred
object would lead a clan to imagine an ancestor of the same kind, animal
or animal-human or plant or rock, and myths explaining the origin would
be devised. Various other usages and ideas would coalesce with those
belonging to totemism proper: belief in the superhuman power of nonhuman
things, including the conception of mana; the belief that every newborn
child is the reincarnation of an ancestor; recognition of omens from the
movements of such things; belief in the magical power of names;
reverence for ancestors--a natural feeling, in itself independent of the
totemic conception; totems regarded as creators; the employment of
totemic animals as emissaries to the supernatural Powers. Thus the
resultant social system would be a congeries of beliefs and usages, and
in such a system, when it appears, the totemic element must be
distinguished from its attachments, which must be referred each to its
appropriate source.

+563+. _Function of totemism in the development of society._ The service
of totemism to society lies in the aid it has given to the friendly
association of men in groups. Common social feeling, the perception of
the advantage to be gained by combination in the quest for food and for
defense against human enemies, originated the formation of groups.
Totemism strengthened union by increasing the sense of brotherhood in
the clan and facilitating the coeoperation that is a condition of social
progress. This sort of service was rendered in early times by all
systems in which social relations were connected with relations to
animals and other natural objects; but totemism made a special appeal to
the emotions and gave all the members of a human group one and the same
object of devotion about which sentiments of loyalty and brotherhood
could crystallize. It is a crude, initial political form that has given
way to more definite forms.

+564+. It cannot be said that totemism has contr