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of Civilisation_, p. 104 ff.; Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 56.; Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 29). [1306] Cf. article "Astarte" (by Ed. Meyer) in Roscher, _Lexikon_. [1307] For the cuneiform material see Delitzsch, _Assyrisches Handwoerterbuch_, and, for various etymologies proposed for the name, Barton, _Semitic Origins_, p. 102 ff.; Haupt, in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xxviii, 112 ff.; Barton, ibid., xxxi, 355 ff. The frequent expression _ilani u ishtarati_, 'gods and goddesses,' suggests that the original sense of _ishtar_ is simply 'a deity'; it is not probable that a proper name would become a common noun and have a plural; cf. the treatment of the title _ilu_, 'a god.' [1308] As the title _bel_, 'lord,' became the proper name of a particular god, so the title _ishtar_, 'mistress,' 'lady,' might become the proper name of a particular goddess; in neither case is the detailed history of the process known to us. [1309] They were probably local "lords"; in Moab Ashtar was combined with a deity called Kemosh, of whom nothing is known except that he was a Moabite national god (cf. G. F. Moore, article "Chemosh" in _Encyclopaedia Biblica_). For a different view of Ashtar and Athtar see Barton, _Semitic Origins_, Index, s.vv. _Chemosh_, _Athtar_; he regards these deities as transformations of the mother-goddess Ashtart. [1310] Baethgen, _Beitraege zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_, p. 66 ff.; Jeremias, "Syrien und Phoenizien" (in Saussaye's _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_). [1311] Rawlinson, _History of Phoenicia_; Pietschmann, _Geschichte der Phoenizier_; Jeremias, op. cit. [1312] Article "Esmun" in Roscher's _Lexikon_; article in _Orientalische Studien Noeldeke gewidmet_. Of the vague group known as the Kabiri (the 'great ones,' seven in number, with Eshmun as eighth) we have little information; on the diffusion of their cult in Grecian lands see Roscher, op. cit., article "Megaloi Theoi." [1313] Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, pp. 21 ff., 45 ff.; W. R. Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, chap. vi, note 8; chap. viii, note 2; article "Dusares" in the _Anthropological Essays presented to F. W. Putnam_. [1314] Mordmann, _Himyarische Inschriften_; Mordmann and Mueller, _Sabaeische Denkmaeler_; Barton, _Semitic Origins_, p. 127 ff.
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