r his own party was gone. Northern Republicans combined with
Federalists to force the repeal of the embargo through Congress; and on
March 1, 1809, with much bitterness of spirit, Jefferson signed the bill
that terminated his great experiment. Instead of interdicting commerce
altogether, Congress suspended intercourse with France and Great Britain
after March 15 and until one or the other of the offenders repealed its
obnoxious orders. Meantime, American vessels were free to pick up what
trade they could with other nations.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The historical writings of Henry Adams are indispensable aids to
an understanding of the foreign policy of Jefferson. On the effect
of the embargo, Channing, _The Jeffersonian System_, takes sharp
issue with Adams. There is a mass of valuable data on social
history in the third volume of McMaster, _History of the People of
the United States_. E. L. Bogart, _Economic History of the United
States_ (1913); Katherine Coman, _Industrial History of the United
States_ (1913); and C. D. Wright, _Industrial Evolution of the
United States_ (1907), are manuals containing much valuable
matter. The brief introductions to the chapters in G. S.
Callender, _Selections from the Economic History of the United
Slates_ (1909), are always illuminating. The foreign policy of
Jefferson and Madison is extensively reviewed in A. T. Mahan, _Sea
Power in its Relations to the War of 1812_ (2 vols., 1905).

CHAPTER XI

THE APPROACH OF WAR

The Administration of James Madison began with what seemed like a
diplomatic triumph. Negotiations with the new British minister, Erskine,
led to a complete agreement on all the points in dispute. Full
reparation was to be made for the Chesapeake affair. The offensive
orders in council of 1807 were to be withdrawn on a fixed date.
Thereupon, with undisguised satisfaction, the President issued a
proclamation, April 21, 1809, renewing commercial intercourse with Great
Britain. General rejoicing followed. Ships which had been tied up to
wharves for eighteen months put to sea with crowded holds. Those
Republicans who had stanchly upheld the Jeffersonian policy of peaceable
coercion boldly claimed for the embargo the credit of having brought
about this happy consummation. Some misgivings were excited, to be sure,
by the report of a new order in council which substituted a blockade of
Ho