within the zone of the Caribbean. If the United
States is to exercise a protectorate over such states, the right to
intervene and the conditions of intervention should be clearly defined
and publicly proclaimed. Hitherto whatever action we have taken in
Latin America has been taken under the Monroe Doctrine--a policy
without legal sanction--which an international court might not
recognize. Action under a treaty would have the advantage of legality.
In other words, the recent treaties with Caribbean states have
converted American policy into law.

The charge that in establishing protectorates and financial supervision
over independent states we have violated the terms of the Monroe
Doctrine is one that has been frequently made. Those who have made it
appear to be laboring under the illusion that the Monroe Doctrine was
wholly altruistic in its aim. As a matter of fact, the Monroe Doctrine
has never been regarded by the United States as in any sense a
self-denying declaration. President Monroe said that we should
consider any attempt on the part of the European powers "to extend
their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our
peace and safety." The primary object of the policy outlined by
President Monroe was, therefore, the peace and safety of the United
States. The protection of Latin-American states against European
intervention was merely a means of protecting ourselves. While the
United States undertook to prevent the encroachment of European powers
in Latin America, it never for one moment admitted any limitation upon
the possibility of its own expansion in this region. The whole course
of American history establishes the contrary point of view. Since the
Monroe Doctrine was enunciated we have annexed at the expense of
Latin-American states, Texas, New Mexico, California, and the Canal
Zone. Upon other occasions we emphatically declined to bind ourselves
by treaty stipulations with England and France that under no
circumstance would we annex the island of Cuba. Shortly after the
beginning of his first term President Wilson declared in a public
address at Mobile that "the United States will never again seek one
additional foot of territory by conquest." This declaration introduces
a new chapter in American diplomacy.

VIII

THE NEW PAN-AMERICANISM

When President Wilson assumed office March 4, 1913, there was nothing
but the Huerta revolution, the full significance of whic