h armaments without the
consent of the Council whenever the United States is threatened with
invasion or engaged in war," was adopted by a vote of 56 to 39.

Number 11, reserving the right of the United States to permit the
nationals of a Covenant-breaking State residing within the United
States to continue their commercial, financial, and personal relations
with the nationals of the United States, was adopted by a vote of 53 to
41.

Number 12, relating to the very complicated question of private debts,
property rights and interests of American citizens, was adopted by a
vote of 52 to 41.

Number 13, withholding the assent of the United States from the entire
section of the treaty relating to international labor organization
until Congress should decide to participate, was adopted by a vote of
54 to 35.

Number 14 declared that the United States would not be bound by any
action of the Council or Assembly in which any member of the League and
its self-governing dominions or colonies should cast in the aggregate
more than one vote. This reservation was adopted by a vote of 55 to 38.

A number of other reservations were offered and rejected. Under the
rules of the Senate, amendments and reservations to a treaty may be
adopted by a majority vote, while a treaty can be ratified only by a
two-thirds vote. A number of senators who were opposed to the treaty
voted for the Lodge reservations in order to insure its defeat. When
the vote on the treaty with the reservations was taken November 19, it
stood 39 for and 55 against. A motion to reconsider the vote was then
adopted, and Senator Hitchcock, the Democratic leader, proposed five
reservations covering the right of withdrawal, domestic questions, the
Monroe Doctrine, the right of Congress to decide on the employment of
the naval and military forces of the United States in any case arising
under Article X, and restrictions on the voting powers of
self-governing colonies or dominions. These reservations were
rejected, the vote being 41 to 50. Another vote was then taken on the
treaty with the Lodge reservations, the result being 41 for and 51
against. Senator Underwood then offered a resolution to ratify the
treaty without reservations of any kind. The vote on this resolution
was 38 for and 53 against.

It was now evident that there was little prospect of securing the
ratification of the treaty without compromise. On January 8, 1920, a
letter from the President