o, duke of Aosta,
L16,000 to Prince Tommaso, duke of Genoa, and L40,000 to Queen
Margherita; Belgium, L140,000; Netherlands, L50,000, with, in
addition, L4000 for the maintenance of the royal palaces; Germany,
L770,500 (_Krondotations Rente_), the sovereign also possessing large
private property (_Kronfideikommiss und Schatullgueter_), the revenue
from which contributed to the expenditure of the court and the members
of the royal family; Denmark, L55,500, in addition to L6600 to the
heir-apparent; Norway, L38,888; Sweden, L72,700; Greece, L52,000,
which included L4000 each from Great Britain, France and Russia;
Austria-Hungary, L941,666, made up of L387,500 as emperor of Austria
out of the revenues of Austria, and L554,166 as king of Hungary out of
the revenues of Hungary; Japan, L300,000; Rumania, L47,000, in
addition to revenues from certain crown lands; Servia, L48,000;
Bulgaria, L40,000, besides L30,000 for maintenance of palaces, &c.;
Montenegro, L8300; Russia had no civil list, the sovereign having all
the revenue from the crown domains (actual amount unknown, but
supposed to amount to over L4,000,000); the president of the French
Republic had a salary of L24,000 a year, with a further L24,000 for
expenses; and the president of the United States had a salary of
$50,000 (from 1909, $75,000).

CIVIL SERVICE, the generic name given to the aggregate of all the public
servants, or paid civil administrators and clerks, of a state. It is the
machinery by which the executive, through the various administrations,
carries on the central government of the country.

_British Empire._--The appointments to the civil service until the year
1855 were made by nomination, with an examination not sufficient to form
an intellectual or even a physical test. It was only after much
consideration and almost years of discussion that the nomination system
was abandoned. Various commissions reported on the civil service, and
orders in council were issued. Finally in 1855 a qualifying examination
of a stringent character was instituted, and in 1870 the principle of
open competition was adopted as a general rule. On the report of the
Playfair Commission (1876), an order in council was issued dividing the
civil service into an upper and lower division. The order in council
directed that a lower division should be constituted, and men and boy
clerks holding permanent positions replaced the temporar