ne out of every ten candidates being successful. Candidates
are allowed a choice of departments subject to the exigencies of the
services.

There is also a class of boy copyists who are almost entirely employed
in London, a few in Dublin and Edinburgh, and, very seldom, in some
provincial towns. The subjects of their examination are:
_Obligatory_--handwriting and orthography, arithmetic and English
composition. _Optional_--(any two of the following): (1) copying MS.;
(2) geography; (3) English history; (4) translation from one of the
following languages--Latin, French or German; (5) Euclid, bk. i. and
ii., and algebra, up to and including simple equations; (6) rudiments
of chemistry and physics. Candidates must be between the ages of 15
and 18. They have no claims to superannuation or compensation
allowance. Boy copyists are not retained after the age of 20.

Candidates for the civil service of India take the same examination as
for 1st class clerkships. Candidates successful in the examination must
subsequently spend one year in England. They receive for that year L150
if they elect to live at one of the universities or colleges approved by
the secretary of state for India. They are submitted to a final
examination in the following subjects--Indian Penal Code and the Code
of Criminal Procedure, the principal vernacular language of the province
to which they are assigned, the Indian Evidence Act (these three
subjects are compulsory), either Hindu and Mahommedan Law, or Sanskrit,
Arabic or Persian, Burmese (for Burma only). A candidate may not take
Arabic or Sanskrit both in the first examination and in the final. They
must also pass a thorough examination in riding. On reaching India
their salary begins at 400 rupees a month. They may take, as leave,
one-fourth of the time on active service in periods strictly limited by
regulation. After 25 years' service (of which 21 must be active service)
they can retire on a pension of L1000 a year. The unit of administration
is the district. At the head of the district is an executive officer
called either collector-magistrate or deputy-commissioner. In most
provinces he is responsible to the commissioner, who corresponds
directly with the provincial government. The Indian civilian after four
years' probation in both branches of the service is called upon to elect
whether he will enter the revenue or judicial department, and this
choice as a rule is held to