Lollardy, and drink the gall of heresy." He was one of the
twenty-five knights who accompanied John Beaufort (son of John of Gaunt)
to Barbary in 1390.

The date of his birth is unknown, and his name is last mentioned in
1404. The historic and literary importance of _The Cuckoo and the
Nightingale_ is great. It is the work of a poet who had studied the
prosody of Chaucer with more intelligent care than either Occleve or
Lydgate, and who therefore forms an important link between the 14th and
15th centuries in English poetry. Clanvowe writes with a surprising
delicacy and sweetness, in a five-line measure almost peculiar to
himself. Professor Skeat points out a unique characteristic of
Clanvowe's versification, namely, the unprecedented freedom with which
he employs the suffix of the final _-e_, and rather avoids than seeks
elision. _The Cuckoo and the Nightingale_ was imitated by Milton in his
sonnet to the Nightingale, and was rewritten in modern English by
Wordsworth. It is a poem of so much individual beauty, that we must
regret the apparent loss of everything else written by a poet of such
unusual talent.

See also a critical edition of the _Boke of Cupide_ by Dr Erich
Vollmer (Berlin, 1898). (E. G.)

CLAPAREDE, JEAN LOUIS RENE ANTOINE EDOUARD (1832-1870), Swiss
naturalist, was born at Geneva on the 24th of April 1832. He belonged to
a French family, some members of which had taken refuge in that city
after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. In 1852 he began to study
medicine and natural science at Berlin, where he was greatly influenced
by J. Mueller and C.G. Ehrenberg, the former being at that period engaged
in his important researches on the Echinoderms. In 1855 he accompanied
Mueller to Norway, and there spent two months on a desolate reef that he
might obtain satisfactory observations. The latter part of his stay at
Berlin he devoted, along with J. Lachmann, to the study of the Infusoria
and Rhizopods. In 1857 he obtained the degree of doctor, and in 1862 he
was chosen professor of comparative anatomy at Geneva. In 1859 he
visited England, and in company with W.B. Carpenter made a voyage to the
Hebrides; and in 1863 he spent some months in the Bay of Biscay. On the
appearance of Darwin's work on the _Origin of Species_, he adopted his
theories and published a valuable series of articles on the subject in
the _Revue Germanique_ (1861). During 1865 and 1866 ill-health rendered
him incapable of