between average effort and average achievement--that gives sure warrant
for such a prognostication as has just been attempted concerning the
future industrial unification of our race. The efforts of civilized man
provide him, on the average, with a marvellous range of comforts, as
contrasted with those that rewarded the most strenuous efforts of savage
or barbarian, to whom present-day necessaries would have been
undreamed-of luxuries. But the ideal ratio between effort and result has
by no means been achieved; nor will it have been until the inventive
brain of man has provided a civilization in which a far higher
percentage of citizens will find the life-vocations to which they are
best adapted by nature, and in which, therefore, the efforts of the
average worker may be directed with such vigour, enthusiasm and interest
as can alone make for true efficiency; a civilization adjusted to such
an economic balance that the average man may live in reasonable comfort
without heart-breaking strain, and yet accumulate a sufficient surplus
to ensure ease and serenity for his declining days. Such, seemingly,
should be the normal goal of progressive civilization. Doubtless mankind
in advancing towards that goal will institute many changes that could by
no possibility be foretold, but (to summarize the views just presented)
it seems a safe augury from present-day conditions and tendencies that
the important lines of progress will include (1) the organic betterment
of the race through wise application of the laws of heredity; (2) the
lessening of international jealousies and the consequent minimizing of
the drain upon communal resources that attends a military regime; and
(3) an ever-increasing movement towards the industrial and economic
unification of the world. (H. S. WI.)

AUTHORITIES.--A list of works dealing with the savage and barbarous
periods of human development will be found appended to the article
ANTHROPOLOGY. Special reference may here be made to E.B. Tylor's
_Early History of Mankind_ (1865), _Primitive Culture_ (1871) and
_Anthropology_ (1881); Lord Avebury's _Prehistoric Times_ (new
edition, 1900) and _Origin of Civilization_ (new edition, 1902); A.H.
Keane's _Man Past and Present_ (1899); and Lewis H. Morgan's _Ancient
Society_ (1877). The earliest attempt at writing a history of
civilization which has any value for the 20th-century reader was F.
Guizot's in 1828-1830, a handy English transla