ropoid apes.

3. The life and culture of the Neanderthal Race.

4. What are the evidences in favor of the descent of man from a single
progenitor?

5. Explain the law of differentiation as applied to plants and animals.

6. Compare in general the arts of man in the Old Stone Age with those
of the New Stone Age.

7. What has been the effect of the study of prehistoric man on modern
thought as shown in the interpretation of History? Philosophy?
Religion?

[1] See Diagram, p. 59.

[2] See Haeckel, Schmidt, Ward, Robinson, Osborn, Todd.

[3] See Osborn, _Men of the Old Stone Age_.

[4] See Chapter II.

[5] After Osborn. Read from bottom up.

[6] Estimates of Neanderthal vary from 150,000 to 50,000 years ago.

[7] See p. 64.

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CHAPTER V

THE ECONOMIC FACTORS OF PROGRESS

_The Efforts of Man to Satisfy Physical Needs_.--All knowledge of
primitive man, whether derived from the records of cultures he has left
or assumed from analogy of living tribes of a low order of
civilization, discovers him wandering along the streams in the valleys
or by the shores of lakes and oceans, searching for food and
incidentally seeking protection in caves and trees. The whole earth
was his so far as he could appropriate it. He cared nothing for
ownership; he only wanted room to search for the food nature had
provided. When he failed to find sufficient food as nature left it, he
starved. So in his wandering life he adapted himself to nature as he
found it. In the different environments he acquired different customs
and habits of life. If he came in contact with other tribes, an
exchange of knowledge and customs took place, and both tribes were
richer thereby. However, the universality of the human mind made it
possible for two detached tribes, under similar environment and similar
stimuli, to develop the same customs and habits of life, provided they
had the same degree of development. Hence, we have independent group
development and group borrowing.

When nature failed to provide him with sufficient food, he learned to
force her to yield a larger supply. When natural objects were
insufficient for his purposes, he made artificial tools to supplement
them. Slowly he became an inventor. Slowly he mastered the art of
living. Thus physical needs were gradually satisfied, and the
foundation for the superstructure of civilization was laid.

_The Attempt to Satisfy Hunger and to Protect from Cold