12: J. Fontaine, La representation
proportionnelle en Wuerttemberg, in _Revue Politique
et Parlementaire_, Jan., 1911; ibid., La
representation proportionnelle en Wuerttemberg
(Paris, 1909).]

The remaining sixty-nine representatives are chosen still in (p. 279)
single member districts. Prior to the amendment of 1906, the chamber
was made up of seventy members chosen popularly and of twenty-three who
sat as representatives of privileged or corporate interests--thirteen
chosen by the landowning nobility, nine dignitaries of the Protestant
and Catholic churches, together with the Chancellor of the University
of Tuebingen.[413]

[Footnote 413: G. Combes de Lestrade, Monarchies de
l'Empire allemand, 181; L. Gaupp, Das Staatsrecht
des Koenigreichs Wuerttemberg (Freiburg and Tuebingen,
1884), in Marquardsen's Handbuch; W. Bazille, Das
Staats-und Verwaltungsrecht des Koenigreichs
Wuerttemberg (Hanover, 1908), in Bibliothek des
Oeffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart. The monograph
of Gaupp, revised by him in 1895 and by K. Goez in
1904, has been re-issued as essentially a new
volume by Goez (Tuebingen, 1908).]

*300. The Government of Baden.*--In July, 1808, a constitutional edict
was promulgated in Baden in imitation of the fundamental law which
Napoleon in the previous year had bestowed upon the kingdom of
Westphalia. August 22, 1818, this instrument was replaced by the
constitution at present in operation. Executive power is vested in the
grand-duke, with the customary provision for ministerial
countersignature. Legislative power is shared by the monarch with a
Landstaende of two houses. Under a liberalizing law of August 24, 1904,
the upper chamber consists of princes of the reigning family, nobles
occupying hereditary seats, members appointed for four years by the
grand-duke, and representatives of a variety of ecclesiastical,
educational, and other corporate interests. The lower house is
composed of seventy-three representatives elected for four years
(twenty-four by the towns and forty-nine by the rural districts) by
male citizens over twenty-five years of age. Direct election was
substituted for indirect in 1904. Half of the membership of the lower
cham