government see
Lowell, Governments and Parties, I., 308-333; F. J.
Goodnow, Comparative Administrative Law (2d ed.,
New York, 1903), I., 295-338; and Ashley, Local and
Central Government (London, 1906), 125-186,
263-287. Fuller accounts are contained in Schulze,
Das preussische Staatsrecht, I., 436-538; K.
Stengel, Organisation der preussischen Verwaltung,
2 vols. (Berlin, 1884); C. Bornhak, Preussisches
Staatsrecht, 3 vols. (Freiburg, 1888-1890), and Hue
de Grais, Handbuch der Verfassung und Verwaltung in
Preussen, etc. (17th ed., Berlin, 1906). Texts of
local government acts are printed in G. Anschutz,
Organisations-gesetze der innern Verwaltung in
Preussen (Berlin, 1897). The best description in
English of Prussian municipal government is that in
Munro, The Government of European Cities, 109-208.
A good brief sketch is Ashley, Local and Central
Government, 153-164. The best account of some
length in German is H. Kappleman, Die Verfassung
und Verwaltungsorganisation der preussischen
Staedte, in Schriften des Vereins fuer Sozialpolitik
(Leipzig, 1905-1908), vols. 117-119. Mention may be
made of A. Shaw, Municipal Government in
Continental Europe (New York, 1895), Chaps. 5-6; E.
J. James, Municipal Administration in Germany
(Chicago, 1901); and Leclerc, La Vie municipale en
Prusse, in _Annales de l'Ecole Libre des Sciences
Politiques_, Oct., 1888. For ample bibliography see
Munro, _op. cit._, 389-395.]

In their governmental arrangements the urban communes exhibit more
uniformity than do the rural, though occasionally among them there
is wide variation. The usual organs comprise (1) the Stadtrath, (p. 273)
an executive body consisting of a burgomaster and a number of
assistants, elected for six, nine, or twelve years, or even for life,
and (2) the Stadtverordnete, or municipal council, chosen for from
three to six years, as a rule by an electorate identical with that
which re