nvier-fevrier 1907, ibid., March,
1907; P. Matter, La crise du chancelier en
Allemagne, ibid., Sept., 1909; A. Marvaud, La
presse politique allemande, in _Questions
Diplomatiques et Coloniales_, March 16 and April 1,
1910. There are valuable chapters on German
politics in W. Dawson, The Evolution of Modern
Germany (London, 1908) and O. Eltzbacher (or J.
Ellis Barker), Modern Germany, her Political and
Economic Problems (new ed., London, 1912). For a
sketch of party history during the period 1871-1894
see Lowell, Governments and Parties, II., Chap. 7.
An excellent survey of the period 1906-1911 is
contained in P. Matter, D'un Reichstag a l'autre,
in _Revue des Sciences Politiques_, July-Aug.,
1911. On the elections of 1912 see G. Blondel, Les
elections au Reichstag et la situation nouvelle des
partis, in _Le Correspondant_, Jan. 25, 1912; J. W.
Jenks, The German Elections, in _Review of
Reviews_, Jan., 1912; A. Quist, Les elections du
Reichstag allemand, in _Revue Socialiste_, Feb. 15,
1912; and W. Martin, La crise constitutionelle et
politique en Allemagne, in _Revue Politique et
Parlementaire_, Aug. 10, 1912.]

VI. LAW AND JUSTICE (p. 241)

*256. Dual Character.*--Upon the subject of the administration of
justice the Imperial constitution of 1871 contained but a single
clause, by which there was vested in the Empire power of "general
legislation concerning the law of obligations, criminal law,
commercial law and commercial paper, and judicial procedure." By an
amendment adopted December 20, 1873, the clause was modified to read,
"general legislation as to the whole domain of civil and criminal law,
and of judicial procedure."[351] Each of the federated states has
always had, and still has, its own judicial system, and justice is
administered all but exclusively in courts that belong to the states.
These courts, however, have been declared to be also courts of the
Empire, and, to the end that they may be systematized and that
conditions of j