te 654: On Austro-Hungarian affairs in the
period 1860-1867 see Cambridge Modern History, XI.,
Chap. 15, XII., Chap. 7 (bibliography, pp.
876-882), and Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire
Generale, XI., Chap. 13. The best treatise is L.
Eisenmann, Le compromis austro-hongroise (Paris,
1904). An account by an active participant is J.
Andrassy, Ungarns Ausgleich mit Oesterreich von
Jahre 1867 (Leipzig, 1897). The best detailed
account in English is Leger, History of
Austria-Hungary, Chaps. 34-35. Two important
biographies are: A. Forster, Francis Deak, a Memoir
(London, 1880), and E. Ebeling, F. F. Graf von
Beust (Leipzig, 1870-71).]

CHAPTER XXV (p. 460)

THE GOVERNMENT AND PARTIES OF AUSTRIA

I. THE CONSTITUTION

*509. Texts.*--The fundamental law of the Austrian Empire,[655] in so
far as it has been reduced to writing, exists in the form of a series
of diplomas, patents, and statutes covering, in all, a period of some
two hundred years. Of these instruments the most important are: (1)
the Pragmatic Sanction of the Emperor Charles VI., promulgated
originally April 19, 1713, and in final form in 1724, by which is
regulated the succession to the throne; (2) the Pragmatic Patent of
the Emperor Francis II., August 1, 1804, in accordance with which the
sovereign bears in Austria the Imperial title; (3) the diploma of the
Emperor Francis Joseph I., October 20, 1860, by which was introduced
in the Empire the principle of constitutional government; (4) the
patent of Francis Joseph, February 26, 1861, by which was regulated in
detail the nature of this government; and (5) a series of five
fundamental laws (_Staatsgrundgesetze_), all bearing the date December
21, 1867, and comprising a thoroughgoing revision and extension of the
patent of 1861. In a narrower sense, indeed, the constitution may be
said to consist of these five documents, all of which were sanctioned
by the crown as a portion of the same general settlement by which the
arrangements comprehended in the Ausgleich were effected. Of them,
one, in twenty articles, is essentially a bill of rights; a second, in
twenty-four sections, is concerned with Imperial representat