=Copula=.')

(4) Name of Predicate.

pg010
Sec. 3.

_Various kinds of Propositions._

A Proposition, that begins with "Some", is said to be '=Particular=.' It
is also called 'a Proposition =in I=.'

[Note, that it is called 'Particular,' because it refers to a
_part_ only of the Subject.]

A Proposition, that begins with "No", is said to be '=Universal
Negative=.' It is also called 'a Proposition =in E=.'

A Proposition, that begins with "All", is said to be '=Universal
Affirmative=.' It is also called 'a Proposition =in A=.'

[Note, that they are called 'Universal', because they refer to
the _whole_ of the Subject.]

A Proposition, whose Subject is an _Individual_, is to be regarded as
_Universal_.

[Let us take, as an example, the Proposition "John is not well".
This of course implies that there is an _Individual_, to whom
the speaker refers when he mentions "John", and whom the
listener _knows_ to be referred to. Hence the Class "men
referred to by the speaker when he mentions 'John'" is a
one-Member Class, and the Proposition is equivalent to "_All_
the men, who are referred to by the speaker when he mentions
'John', are not well."]

Propositions are of two kinds, 'Propositions of Existence' and
'Propositions of Relation.'

These shall be discussed separately.

pg011

CHAPTER II.

_PROPOSITIONS OF EXISTENCE._

A '=Proposition of Existence=', when in normal form, has, for its
_Subject_, the Class "existing Things".

Its Sign of Quantity is "Some" or "No".

[Note that, though its Sign of Quantity tells us _how many_
existing Things are Members of its Predicate, it does _not_ tell
us the _exact_ number: in fact, it only deals with _two_
numbers, which are, in ascending order, "0" and "1 or more."]

It is called "a Proposition of Existence" because its effect is to
assert the _Reality_ (i.e. the real _existence_), or else the
_Imaginariness_, of its Predicate.

[Thus, the Proposition "Some existing Things are honest men"
asserts that the Class "honest men" is _Real_.

This is the _normal_ form; but it may also be expressed in any
one of the following forms:--

(1) "Honest men exist";
(2) "Some honest men exist";
(3) "The Class 'honest men' exists";