ere invented.

"Not _true!_" you exclaim. "Then who _were_ they, who were
sentenced to imprisonment and were also sentenced to hard
labour? They _must_ have had the verdict 'guilty' returned
against them, or how could they be sentenced?"

Well, it happened like _this_, you see. They were three
ruffians, who had committed highway-robbery. When they were put
on their trial, they _pleaded_ 'guilty'. So no _verdict_ was
returned at all; and they were sentenced at once.]

I will now work out, in their briefest form, as models for the Reader to
imitate in working examples, the above four concrete Problems.
pg064
(1) [see p. 60]

"No son of mine is dishonest;
People always treat an honest man with respect."

Univ. "men"; m = honest; x = my sons; y = treated with respect.

.---------------. .-------.
"No x are m'; |(O) | (O)| | |(O)|
All m are y." | .---|---. | |---|---|
| | |(O)| | | | |
|---|(I)|---|---| .-------.
| | |(O)| |
| .---|---. | .'. "No x are y'."
| | |
.---------------.

i.e. "No son of mine ever fails to be treated with respect."

(2) [see p. 61]

"All cats understand French;
Some chickens are cats".

Univ. "creatures"; m = cats; x = understanding French; y = chickens.

.---------------. .-------.
"All m are x; | | | |(I)| |
Some y are m." | .---|---. | |---|---|
| |(I)| | | | | |
|---|---|---|---| .-------.
| |(O)|(O)| |
| .---|---. | .'. "Some y are x."
| | |
.---------------.

i.e. "Some chickens understand French."

(3) [see p. 62]

"All diligent students are successful;
All ignorant students are unsuccessful".

Univ. "students"; m = successful; x = diligent; y = ignorant.

.---------------. .-------.
"All x are m; |(O) | (O)| |(O)|(I)|
All y are m'." | .---|---. | |---|---|
| |(O)|(I)| | |(I)| |
|---|-