en are, as we have seen, "persons." They are
counted in the enumeration upon which the apportionment is to be
made; but if they were necessarily voters because of their
citizenship unless clearly excluded, why inflict the penalty for
the exclusion of males alone? Clearly, no such form of words
would have been selected to express the idea here indicated if
suffrage was the absolute right of all citizens.

And still again, after the adoption of the XIV. Amendment, it was
deemed necessary to adopt a XV., as follows: "The right of
citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude." The XIV.
Amendment had already provided that no State should make or
enforce any law which should abridge the privileges or immunities
of citizens of the United States. If suffrage was one of these
privileges or immunities, why amend the Constitution to prevent
its being denied on account of race, etc.? Nothing is more
evident than that the greater must include the less; and if all
were already protected, why go through with the form of amending
the Constitution to protect a part?

It is true that the United States guarantees to every State a
republican form of government (art. 4, sec. 4). It is also true
that no State can pass a bill of attainder (art. 1, section 10),
and that no person can be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law (Amendment V). All these several
provisions of the Constitution must be construed in connection
with the other parts of the instrument, and in the light of the
surrounding circumstances.

The guaranty is of a republican form of government. No
particular government is designated as republican, neither is
the exact form to be guaranteed, in any manner especially
designated. Here, as in other parts of the instrument, we are
compelled to resort elsewhere to ascertain what was intended. The
guaranty necessarily implies a duty on the part of the States
themselves to provide such a government. All the States had
governments when the Constitution was adopted. In all, the people
participated to some extent through their representatives elected
in the manner specially provided. These governments t