he
Constitution did not change. They were accepted precisely as they
were, and it is therefore to be presumed that they were such as
it was the duty of the States to provide. Thus, we have
unmistakable evidence of what was republican in form, within the
meaning of that term as employed in the Constitution. As has been
seen, all the citizens of the States were not invested with the
right of suffrage. In all, save perhaps New Jersey, this right
was only bestowed upon men, and not upon all of them. Under these
circumstances, it is certainly now too late to contend that a
Government is not republican within the meaning of this guaranty
in the Constitution because women are not made voters.

The same maybe said of the other provisions just quoted. Women
were excluded from suffrage in nearly all the States by the
express provision of their constitutions and laws. If that had
been equivalent to a bill of attainder, certainly its abrogation
would not have been left to implication. Nothing less than
express language would have been employed to effect so radical a
change. So also of the Amendment which declares that no person
shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; adopted as it was as early as 1791. If suffrage
was intended to be included within its obligations, language
better adapted to express that intent would most certainly have
been employed. The right of suffrage, when granted, will be
protected. He who has it can only be deprived of it by due
process of law; but, in order to claim protection, he must first
show that he has the right. But we have already sufficiently
considered the proof found upon the inside of the Constitution.
That upon the outside is equally effective.

The Constitution was submitted to the States for adoption in
1787, and was ratified by nine States in 1788, and, finally, by
the thirteen original States in 1790. "Vermont was the first new
State admitted to the Union, and it came in under a Constitution
which conferred the right of suffrage only upon men of the full
age of twenty-one years, having resided in the State for the
space of one whole year next before the election, and who were of
quiet and peaceable behavior. This was in 1791. The next year
(1792) Kentucky followed, with