those
of Aristotle--from Arabic versions of the original Greek. Avicenna (c.
980-1037) furnished the most important Arabic contribution. Accounts of
these men and their writings may be found in any good encyclopedia. For
the program of studies at Paris see D.C. Munro, "Translations and
Reprints," Vol. II, Pt. III. A list of the books used at Montpellier,
one of the most important medical schools, is given in Rashdall, Vol.
II, Pt. I, p. 123, and Pt. II, p. 780; the list for Oxford, p. 454 f.

(f) _Other University Text-books_

The foregoing sections indicate the books which furnished the
intellectual basis for the rise of universities, and particularly the
basis for their division into Faculties. They do not indicate by any
means the whole list of books used in the universities between 1200 and
1500; nor is it possible here to give such a list. Two facts only are
to be noted concerning them: First, a considerable number of books
already well known in the twelfth century were used in addition to those
mentioned above. Among these may be mentioned the Latin grammars of
Donatus (_fl._ 350 A.D.) and Priscian (_fl._ 500 A.D.), treatises by
Boethius (_c._ 475-525) on Rhetoric, Logic, Arithmetic, and Music, and
his translations of various portions of the _Organon_ of Aristotle, and
of the _Iagoge_, or Introduction to the Categories of Aristotle, by
Porphyry (_c._ 233-306). The Geometry of Euclid (_fl._ 300 B.C.) was
translated about 1120 by Adelard of Bath, and the Astronomy (Almagest)
of Ptolemy (second century A.D.) was pharaphrased from the Arabic by
Gerard of Cremona toward the close of the twelfth century, under the
title _Theorica Planetarum_.

Second, during the whole period under discussion there was an active
production of new text-books on the established subjects, some of which
were widely used in the universities. Among the grammars was the
_Doctrinale_ of Alexander da Villa Dei, written in 1199. This rhyming
grammar was enormously popular, and continued to be so, well into the
sixteenth century. The _Grecismus_ and _Labyrinthus_ of Eberhard of
Bethune (early thirteenth century), also grammars in rhyme, were widely
used. Logical treatises often mentioned in university programs of study
were _De Sex Principiis_ (On the Six Principles), written about 1150 by
Gilbert de la Porree, a teacher of John of Salisbury; and the _Summulae_
of Petrus Hispanus (thirteenth century). In the thirteenth century
Albertus Magnus