he
shall be concerned, that you make or cause to be made free and
exempt from said villein-taxes, aides, and octrois, one advocate,
one purveyor, one bell-ringer, two booksellers, two parchment
makers, two illuminators, two bookbinders, six beadles, five
bailiffs, (one for each of the five Faculties) and seven
messengers (understanding that there shall be one for each
diocese in our said Duchy), and this you shall do up to this
number of attendants and servitors of this our University, and at
the same time, uphold, maintain and continue them in their
rights, franchises, and liberties, of which by our said command,
foundation, and augmentation, you find them to be and to have
been duly possessed, without suffering anything to disturb or
interfere with this.

And, although in our other letters devoted to the regulation of
this University the said five bailiffs and seven messengers were
not in any way included, yet by special grace through these
present letters, to the end that our said University may be able
to have the servitors necessary to it, without whom the
requirements of study could not be continued and maintained, we
wish the said five bailiffs and seven messengers to enjoy such
and similar privileges as the rest who are named in our other
said letters of regulation, notwithstanding that the said letters
and any others whatever may require, or seem to require, the
contrary to this.

And that the aforesaid suppliants may be able to have, at their
need, these present letters in various and diverse places, we
wish that copies of these, made under the royal seal, be in good
faith made like the original.[44]

(d) _The Privilege of suspending Lectures_ (Cessatio)

One of the most effective privileges of mediaeval universities was the
right of suspending lectures. This was used again and again in cases of
unredressed grievances against civil or ecclesiastical
authorities,--more particularly against the former. A _cessatio_ was
usually followed by a migration of masters and scholars to some other
university, unless satisfaction was promptly forthcoming. Such a
migration was a serious blow to the commercial prosperity of any town;
consequently the "cessation" was an instrument of great power for the
extraction of all sorts of local concessions. It was often exercised
without