ed his life, so that he left Amsterdam
and finally settled at The Hague, where, absorbed in philosophic study,
he lived in seclusion, earning a livelihood by polishing optical glasses,
which his friends disposed of for him; his days were short; he suffered
from ill-health, and died of consumption when he was only 44; he was a
man of tranquil temper, moderate desires, purity of motive, and kindly in
heart; his great work, his "Ethica," was published a year after his
death; he had held it back during his lifetime because he foresaw it
would procure him the name of atheist, which he shrank from with horror;
Spinoza's doctrine is summed up by Dr. Stirling thus, "Whatever is, is;
and that is extension and thought. These two are all that is; and
besides these there is nought. But these two are one; they are attributes
of the single substance (that which, for its existence, stands in need of
nothing else), very God, in whom, then, all individual things and all
individual ideas (modes of extension those, of thought these) are
comprehended and take place"; thus we see Spinoza includes under the term
extension all individual objects, and under thought all individual ideas,
and these two he includes in God, as He in whom they live and move and
have their being,--a great conception and a pregnant, being the
speculative ground of the being of all that lives and is; not without
good reason does Novalis call him "Der Gott-getrunkene Mensch," the
God-intoxicated man (1632-1677).

SPINOZISM, the pantheism of SPINOZA (q. v.), which regards
God as the one self-subsistent substance, and both matter and thought
attributes of Him.

SPIRES or SPEYER, an old German town on the left bank of the
Rhine, in the Palatinate, 14 m. SW. of Heidelberg, the seat of a bishop
and with a cathedral, of its kind one of the finest in Europe, and the
remains of the Retscher, or imperial palace, where in 1529 the Diet of
the Empire was held at which the Reformers first got the name of
Protestants, because of their protestation against the imperial decree
issued at Worms prohibiting any further innovations in religion.

SPIRIT (lit. breath of life), in philosophy and theology is the
Divine mind incarnating itself in the life of a man, and breathing in all
he thinks and does, and so is as the life-principle of it; employed also
to denote any active dominating and pervading principle of life inspired
from any quarter whatever and coming to light in the con