ent aims they are
occupied largely with the same emotions, and are connected by a common
idealising purpose. In the deepest sense, what is good is beautiful
and what is beautiful is good; and {16} ultimately, in the moral and
spiritual life, goodness and beauty coincide. Indeed, so close is the
connection between the two conceptions that the Greeks used the same
word, _to kalon_, to express beauty of form and nobility of character.
And even in modern times the expression 'a beautiful soul,' indicates
the intimate relation between inner excellence of life and outward
attractiveness. Both Aesthetics and Ethics have regard to that
symmetry or proportion of life which fulfils our ideas at once of
goodness and of beauty. In this sense Schiller sought to remove the
sharpness of Kant's moral theory by claiming a place in the moral life
for beauty. Our actions are, indeed, good when we do our duty because
we ought, but they are beautiful when we do it because we cannot do
otherwise, because they have become our second nature. The purpose of
all culture, says Schiller, is to harmonise reason and sense, and thus
to fulfil the idea of a perfect manhood.[5]

'When I dared question: "It is beautiful,
But is it true?" Thy answer was, "In truth lives beauty."'[6]

3. _Politics_ is still more closely related to Ethics, and indeed
Ethics may be said to comprehend Politics. Both deal with human action
and institution, and cover largely the same field. For man is not
merely an individual, but is a part of a social organism. We cannot
consider the virtues of the individual life without also considering
the society to which he is related, and the interaction of the whole
and its part. Politics is usually defined as the science of
government, which of course, involves all the institutions and laws
affecting men's relations to each other. But while Politics is
strictly concerned only with the outward condition of the state's
well-being and the external order of {17} the community, Ethics seeks
the internal good or virtue of mankind, and is occupied with an ideal
society in which each individual shall be able to realise the true aim
and meaning of life. But after all, as Aristotle said, Politics is
really a branch of Ethics, and both are inseparable from, and
complementary of each other. On the one hand, Ethics cannot ignore the
material conditions of human welfare nor minimise the economic forces
which shape society and