mmand and to obey was more clearly defined. Only husband and
wife had learnt to address each other with the loving "_thou_"; the
children of the gentry, and often also of artisans, spoke to their
parents in the third person plural: the servants were addressed by
their masters with the "_thou_," but by strangers in the third person
singular. In the same way the "_he_" was used by the master to his
journeymen, by the landed proprietor to the "_schulze_," and by the
gymnastic teacher to a scholar of the upper classes; but in many places
the scholar addressed his _Herr Director_ with "your honour."

More frequently than forty years before, did the German now leave his
home to travel through some part of his Fatherland. The means of
intercourse were intolerable, considering the great extension of
commerce and the increased love of travelling. Made roads were few and
short; the road from Frankfort to Mayence, with its avenues of trees,
pavement, and footpaths, was reputed the best _chaussee_ in Germany;
the great old road from the Rhine to the east was still only a mud
road. Still did persons of consequence continue to travel in hired
coaches or extra post; for though on the main roads the vehicles of the
ordinary post had roofs, they had no springs, and were considered more
suitable for luggage than passengers; they had no side doors; it was
necessary to enter under the roof, or creep in over the pole. At the
back of the carriage the luggage was stowed up to the roof, and
fastened with cords; the parcels also lay under the seats; kegs of
herrings and smoked salmon incessantly rolled on to the benches of the
passengers, who were constantly occupied in pushing them back; as it
was impossible for people to stretch out their feet on account of the
packages, they were obliged in despair to dangle their legs outside the
carriage. Insupportable were the long stoppages at the stations; the
carriage was never ready to start under two hours; it took eleven weary
days and nights of shaking and bruising to get from Cleves to Berlin.
Travelling on the great rivers was better; down the Danube, it is true,
there were as yet nothing but the old-fashioned barges, without mast or
sails, drawn by horses; but on the Rhine the lover of the picturesque
rejoiced in a passage by the regular Rhine boats; their excellent
arrangements were extolled, they had mast and sails, and only used
horses as an assistance; they also had a level deck, with rails,