ccess. Thus, in Sir William Armstrong's own case, a small
stream is made to afford light in a dwelling a mile away. Certainly
nothing could have seemed more improbable fifty years ago than that
the light of a house should be derived from a fall of water without
the employment of any kind or description of fuel.

The next subject upon which I propose to touch is that of

THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.

In 1831, Neilson's hot blast specification had been published for two
and a half years only. The Butterly Company had tried the hot blast
for the first time in the November preceding the meeting of the
British Association. The heating of the blast was coming very slowly
into use, and the temperature attained when it was employed was only
some 600 degrees. The ordinary blast furnace of those days was 35 to
40 feet high, and about 12 feet diameter at the boshes, and turned out
about 60 tons a week. It used about 21/2 tons of coal per ton of iron,
and no attempt was made to utilize the waste gases, whether escaping
in the form of gas or in the form of flame, the country being
illuminated for miles around at night by these fires. The furnaces
were also open at the hearth, and continuous fire poured out along
with the slag.

In 1881, blast furnaces are from 90 ft. to 100 ft. high, and 25 ft. in
diameter at the boshes; they turn out from 500 to 800 tons a week. The
tops and also the hearths are closed, and the blast--thanks to the use
of Mr. E.A. Cowper's stoves--is at 1,200 degrees. The manufacture of
iron has also now enlisted in its service the chemist as well as the
engineer, and among those who have done much for the improvement of
the blast furnaces, to no one is greater praise due than to Mr. Isaac
Lowthian Bell, who has brought the manufacture of iron to the position
of a highly scientific operation. In the production of wrought iron by
the puddling process, and in the subsequent mill operations, there is
no very considerable change, except in the magnitude of the machines
employed, and, in the greater rapidity with which they now run. In
saying this, I am not forgetting the various "mechanical puddlers"
which have been put to work, nor the attempts that have been made by
the use of some of them to make wrought iron direct from the ore; but
neither the "mechanical puddler" nor the "direct process" has yet come
into general use; and I desire to be taken as speaking of that which
is the ordinary process pursued a