the Mongol empire 230

Chapter X: THE PERIOD OF ABSOLUTISM

(A) _The Mongol Epoch_ (1280-1368)

1 Beginning of new foreign rules 232
2 "Nationality legislation" 233
3 Military position 234
4 Social situation 235
5 Popular risings: National rising 238
6 Cultural 241

(B) _The Ming Epoch_ (1368-1644)

1 Start. National feeling 243
2 Wars against Mongols and Japanese 244
3 Social legislation within the existing order 246
4 Colonization and agricultural developments 248
5 Commercial and industrial developments 250
6 Growth of the small gentry 252
7 Literature, art, crafts 253
8 Politics at court 256
9 Navy. Southward expansion 258
10 Struggles between cliques 259
11 Risings 262
12 Machiavellism 263
13 Foreign relations in the sixteenth century 264
14 External and internal perils 266

(C) _The Manchu Dynasty_ (1644-1911)

1 Installation of the Manchus 270
2 Decline in the eighteenth century 272
3 Expansion in Central Asia; the first State treaty 277
4 Culture 279
5 Relations with the outer world 282
6 Decline; revolts 284
7 European Imperialism in the Far East 285
8 Risings in Turkestan and within China: the T'ai P'ing Rebellion 288
9 Collision with Japan; further Capitulations 294
10 Russia in Manchuria 296
11 Reform and reaction: The Boxer Rising 296
12 End of the dynasty