nd. = Scandinavian.
Sco. = Scotch.
S.S. = Southern Scotland.
sb. = substantive.
Sw. = Swedish.
vb. = verb.
W.Norse = West Norse.
W. Scand. = West Scandinavian.
W.S. = West Saxon.
> = developed into.
< = derived from.
E.D.S. = English Dialect Society.
E.E.T.S. = Early English Text Society.
S.T.S. = Scottish Text Society.

There has been considerable confusion in the use of the terms Norse
and Danish. Either has been used to include the other, or, again,
in a still wider sense, as synonymous with Scandinavian; as, for
instance, when we speak of the Danish kingdoms in Dublin, or Norse
elements in Anglo-Saxon. Danish is the language of Denmark, Norse
the language of Norway. When I use the term Old Danish I mean that
dialect of Old Scandinavian, or Old Northern, that developed on
Danish soil. By Old Norse I mean the old language of Norway. The
one is East Scandinavian, the other West Scandinavian. The term
Scandinavian, being rather political than linguistic, is not a good
one, but it has the advantage of being clear, and I have used it
where the better one, Northern, might lead to confusion with
Northern Scotch.

CONTENTS.

PART I. INTRODUCTION.

General Remarks Sec.1
Place-Names and Settlements in Northwestern England Sec.2
Scandinavian Settlements in Southern Scotland Sec.3
Settlements in England, Norse or Danish? The Place-Name Test Sec.4
_By_ in Place-Names. Conclusions as to this Test Sec.5
Characteristics of Old Northern, or Old Scandinavian.
Early Dialectal Differentiations Sec.6
Old Norse and Old Danish Sec.7
Remarks Sec.8
Characteristics of Old Northumbrian Sec.9
Remarks. Metathesis of _r_ Sec.10
The Question of Palatalization in Old Northumbrian Sec.11
_Sk_ as a Scandinavian Sign. Certain Words in _sk_.
Palatalization in Norse Sec.12
Conclusion as to the Test of Non-palatalization Sec.13.
Old and Middle Scotch Sec.14
Some Characteristics of Scotch. O.E. _[)a] [-a]_ Sec.15
Curtis's Table Sec.16
O.E. _[-o]_. A List of Illustrative Words
from the Aberdeen Dialect Sec.17
Inorganic _y_ in Scotch Sec.18
_D_ for the Spirant _th_ Sec.19
O.E. _[-a]_ and O.N. _aei_. How far we can Determine
such Words to be of Native or of Norse Origin Sec.20
A List of Some Words that are Norse. Further Remarks Sec.21
Celtic, Lowland Scotch, and Norse Sec.22
Some Words that are not Scandinavian Loanwords Sec.23
Loanword Tests Sec.24
Remarks on the Texts Sec.25