nd often absent in the secondaries; is vein 12 of the
numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta
(Comst.).

Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines.

Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median
meta-thoracic area into two parts.

Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate.

Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint.

Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is
named, no single one being selected as the type: the type in such case
equals the sum of the cotypes: see paratype.

Coxa -ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is
articulated to the body.

Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the Coxa articulates; in
Coleoptera the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the
sternum; closed or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join
medially as in Rhynchophora; the cavities are separated when the
prosternum extends between them, confluent when it does not: see
acetabulum.

Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well
developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders.

Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of
the abdominal segments in Thysanura.

Crag: the neck: = cervix.

Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the
fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture.

Crassus: thick; tumid.

Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl.

Creber: closely set.

Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of
pupae in Lepidoptera.

Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth.

Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply
curved.

Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by
discharge of vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking.

Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk.

Crescentiform: like a lunule or crescent.

Crescentric: lunulate.

Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper surface of any
part of the head or body.

Crested: see cristate.

Cretaceous: chalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three
great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks.

Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes.

Cribriform: with perforations like those of a sieve.

Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow and gray.

Crinite -us: with tufts of long thin hair: see lanug