than the prescribed studies, heretofore compulsory and admitting of
almost no variation.

All these changes resulted in an immediate increase in attendance,
almost 20 percent the first year they went into force. As a direct
result of Dr. Angell's recommendation the first chair in the Science and
the Art of Teaching in any American university was established in 1880,
coming as a necessary corollary to the intimate relation maintained and
encouraged by the University between itself and the high schools of the
State. In 1891 this department was empowered to grant certificates
permitting any student possessing one to teach in any high school in the
State.

The Graduate School practically came into being during his
administration, as there was really nothing worthy of the name of
graduate work before, in spite of the heroic efforts of President
Tappan. It was established as part of the Literary Department. When he
first became President both the Law and Medical Schools consisted of two
courses of lectures of six months' duration, with no severe examination
required for admittance. At present they require three and four years of
nine months each, as well as two years of work in the Literary College.

President Angell's administration, however, was by no means all smooth
sailing. The question of finances, for one thing, was always with him,
particularly during his first years, when deficits were regularly
reported and as regularly taken care of by special appropriations of the
Legislature. The situation became particularly acute in 1879 and as a
result the scale of salaries for the President and the Faculty was
reduced materially, in the President's case from $4,500 to $3,750. The
increase in the value of money following the panic of 1873 was given as
an excuse for this action.

Questions of student discipline also disturbed these early years. The
eternal rivalry between the Freshmen and Sophomore classes, with its
attendant rushes and hazing episodes, was growing stronger every year,
until in the fall of 1873 the report that thirty freshmen had been
"pumped," a more or less self-explanatory term, stirred up enemies of
the University throughout the State. In April, 1874, three freshmen and
three sophomores were suspended for hazing. This aroused the student
body. The two classes concerned met at once and some eighty-four
students signed statements that they were equally guilty. The Faculty,
after giving these students a w