in both
histology and physiology were long taught solely by lectures. In 1877,
however, the Legislature appropriated $3,500 for a laboratory in those
subjects and Dr. C.H. Stowell, '72_m_, was appointed instructor,
becoming Assistant Professor in 1880. About the same time a separate
chair in physiology was created with Dr. Henry Sewall, Wesleyan, '76, as
the first Professor. Under Dr. Sewall the Physiological Laboratory grew
rapidly; new apparatus was purchased and many valuable researches were
conducted, not the least of these being the proof, published in 1887,
that pigeons might be immunized against rattle-snake poison,--one of the
first cases of the production of an artificial immunity. The two
departments were again united in 1889 under Dr. William H. Howell, Johns
Hopkins, '81. He was succeeded in 1892 by Dr. Warren P. Lombard,
Harvard, '78, who held both Professorships until 1898, when Dr. Huber,
at that time Assistant Professor of Anatomy, was made Director of the
Histological Laboratory, becoming Junior Professor in 1899 and
Professor of Histology and Embryology four years later.

A Laboratory in Electro-Therapeutics was opened in 1878, the first of
its kind in America, largely through the efforts of Dr. John W. Langley,
Harvard, '61, M.D. Michigan, (hon.) '77, Professor of General Chemistry
at that time; but the subject did not become a compulsory part of the
course until the appointment in 1890 of Dr. William J. Herdman, '72, who
had been a member of the Medical Faculty since 1875, as Professor of
Nervous Diseases and Electro-Therapeutics. Practical instruction in
pathology was inaugurated in 1879 under Dr. Herdman and Dr. Victor C.
Vaughan, but the beginnings were modest and laboratory work only became
incorporated in the course in 1888 under Dr. Heneage Gibbes, Aberdeen,
'79, called from London as Professor of Pathology. Even then the
quarters were extremely limited and the laboratory was moved several
times before its final establishment in the present Medical Building in
1903. In 1895 Dr. George Dock, Pennsylvania, '84, Professor of the
Theory and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine since 1891,
succeeded Dr. Gibbes in the chair of Pathology but resigned it in 1903
to Dr. Aldred Scott Warthin, '91_m_, (Indiana, '88), who became also
Director of the Pathological Laboratory.

A request from the State Board of Health led to the opening of a
Hygienic Laboratory in 1888, with the threefold object of in