higan was in all probability the first American
institution to naturalize these products of Continental universities.
The broadening of the course in 1877-78, with its great increase in
electives, enabled the members of the Faculty to increase the scope of
their work and to expand their courses. As an immediate answer there
came an ever increasing demand for true graduate work, not only from
graduates of the University, but from those of other institutions as
well. This movement grew so rapidly that the number of advanced students
enrolled increased from four in 1870 to 56 in 1892, when a Graduate
School was formally organized in connection with the Literary
Department. This was expanded some twenty-five years later into an
entirely separate Department, or School, following the revised
nomenclature of 1910, of which Professor Karl Eugen Guthe, Marburg,
Ph.D., '89, of the Department of Physics, became the first Dean. Upon
his death in the summer of 1915 he was succeeded by Professor Alfred H.
Lloyd, Harvard, '86, of the Department of Philosophy.

Thus graduate work in the University came into its own. At last the
ideals of President Tappan, who admitted the first graduate student in
1856, were in some measure at least realized; though the real results of
his labors did not show for many years after he left.

Throughout all the early period the general attitude towards advanced
work was decidedly haphazard and casual; the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy was not given until 1876, when Dr. Victor C. Vaughan, the
present Dean of the Medical School, was one of the first recipients;
while the Ph.D. as well as the M.D. were sometimes given as honorary
degrees. This attitude toward graduate study, however, was by no means
confined to Michigan, for the systematic regulation of advanced courses
has been comparatively a recent development in all American
universities.

The first organization of the School under a Graduate Council within the
Literary Department, was therefore a great step in advance, however
anomalous its position,--a graduate school practically controlled by an
undergraduate faculty,--though there were, it is true, certain
representatives of the professional departments on the Council.
Nevertheless the work grew rapidly after this time. Not only was there a
steadily increasing enrolment, but there was a distinct increase in the
number of advanced courses, as well as in the time given by teachers to
graduate instr