en studied by
members of the American Mission at Bailundu under the name of _Umbundu_.
Some information on the languages of the south-western part of the Congo
basin and those of south-eastern Angola may be found in the works of
Capello and Ivens and of Henrique de Carvalho and Commander V. L. Cameron.
The British, French and German missionaries have published many
dictionaries and grammars of the different _Secuana_ dialects, notable
amongst which is John Brown's _Dictionary of Secuana_ and Meinhof's _Study
of the T[vs]i-venda_. The grammars and dictionaries of Zulu-Kaffir are
almost too numerous to catalogue. Among the best are Maclaren's _Kafir
Grammar_ and Roberts' _Zulu Dictionary_. The works of Boyce, Appleyard and
Bishop Colenso should also be consulted. Miss A. Werner has written
important studies on the Zulu click-words and other grammatical essays and
vocabularies of the Bantu languages in the _Journal of the African Society_
between 1902 and 1906. The Tebele dialect of Zulu has been well illustrated
by W. A. Elliott in his _Dictionary of the Tebele and Shuna languages_
(London, 1897). The _Ronga_ (_Tonga_, _Si-gwamba_, _Hlengwe_, &c.) are
dealt with in the _Grammaire Ronga_ (Lausanne, 1896) of Henri Junod. Bishop
Smyth and John Mathews have published a vocabulary and short grammar of the
_Xilenge_ (Shilenge) language of Inhambane (_S.P.C.R._, 1902). The journal
_Anthropos_ (Vienna) should also be consulted.

(H. H. J.)

[1] _Bantu_ (literally _Ba-ntu_) is the most archaic and most widely spread
term for "men," "mankind," "people," in these languages. It also indicates
aptly the leading feature of this group of tongues, which is the governing
of the unchangeable root by prefixes. The syllable _-ntu_ is nowhere found
now standing alone, but it originally meant "object," or possibly "person."
It is also occasionally used as a relative pronoun--"that," "that which,"
"he who." Combined with different prefixes it has different meanings. Thus
(in the purer forms of Bantu languages) _muntu_ means "a man," _bantu_
means "men," _kintu_ means "a thing," _bintu_ "things," _kantu_ means "a
little thing," _tuntu_ "little things," and so on. This term _Bantu_ has
been often criticized, but no one has supplied a better, simpler
designation for this section of Negro languages, and the name has now been
definitely consecrated by usage.

[2] In Luganda and other languages of Uganda and the Victoria Nyanza, and
also in Runyoro